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Vol. 5, Issue 3

Volume 5, Issue 3

Pages 36–42

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Multilocular Simple Bone Cyst of the Mandible: Part 2: Histopathologic Appearance and Brief Review of the Literature

Oleksandr A. Nozhenkoa, ... Valentyna I. Zaritskac more
a Oleksandr A. Nozhenko

Physician-Surgeon-Dentist, Center of Maxillofacial Surgery, Kyiv Regional Clinical Hospital, Kyiv, Ukraine. Corresponding author’s address: Center of Maxillofacial Surgery, Kyiv Regional Clinical Hospital, 1 Bahhovutivska Street, Kyiv 04107, Ukraine. E-mail: alexdent@ukr.net (Oleksandr Nozhenko) Facebook: Oleksandr Nozhenko

b Pavlo P. Snisarevskyi

Head, Department of Pathomorphology, Kyiv Regional Clinical Hospital, Kyiv, Ukraine.

c Valentyna I. Zaritska

PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Pathology, Shupyk National University of Healthcare of Ukraine.

March 31, 2021

https://doi.org/10.23999/j.dtomp.2021.3.3

J Diagn Treat Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2021;5:36–42.

Under a Creative Commons license

HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE

Nozhenko OA, Snisarevskyi PP, Zaritska VI. Multilocular simple bone cyst of the mandible: part 2: histopathologic appearance and brief review of the literature. J Diagn Treat Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2021;5(3):36–42.

 

Contents: Summary | Introduction | Case | Discussion | Conclusion | Author Contribution | References (24)

SUMMARY

The purpose of this report is to highlight the histopathologic appearance of the mandibular simple bone cyst (SBC) – a pathologic condition which continues to stay an enigma for a lot of colleagues. Cone-beam computed tomography of a two-chamber SBC (ie, multilocular type) of the mandibular body in a 41-year-old white female is analyzed. Brief literature review is also performed giving the possibility to understand all intraoperative appearances of the SBCs and contemporary techniques of its management.

 

INTRODUCTION

Simple bone cyst (SBC) is an intraosseous pseudocyst (ie, nonepithelial–lined bone cavity)1 which may be uni- or multilocular.2 Rudolf Virchow was a first one who recognized the SBCs in the long bones and published the report “About the formation of bone cysts” in 1876.3 Such type of cysts located in a jaw bone was first discussed by Carl Lucas in the report of Theodor Blum in 1929 where traumatic injury was determined as causative factor.4

 

The SBC belongs to one of four types of jaws` pseudocysts5:

 

  1. Aneurismal (haemorrhagic-aneurismal)6 bone cysts.

  2. Traumatic (ie, simple) bone cysts.

  3. Static bone cysts (ie, Stafne`s bone defects).

  4. Focal osteoporotic bone marrow defect.

SBC is named in the literature as hemorrhagic bone cyst,7,8 traumatic cyst,9 extravasation cyst,10 progressive bone cavity,11 solitary bone cyst12, idiopathic bone cavity,13 and single-chamber bone cyst14.1 Tymofieiev terms such type of cyst as a sheathless (ie, capsuleless) cyst (synonym: post-traumatic cyst).15

 

According to Olvi et al SBCs involve extra-maxillofacial bones in the next distribution: proximal humerus (in 50 percent), proximal femur (in 25 percent), and proximal tibia.16 That statistics proves the fact that in 90 percent the SBCs involves metaphysis of the long bones.17

 

In the first part of our work2 we presented the data of a 41-year-old white female with a multilocular type of mandibular SBC. Consecutive cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans and surgical technique were analyzed.2

 

The purpose of this report is to highlight the histopathologic appearance of the mandibular SBC – a pathologic condition which continues to stay an enigma for a lot of colleagues.17

 

CASE

A 41-year-old white female with a two-chamber SBC (ie, multilocular type) of the mandibular body (ie, corpus) was treated in the Center of Maxillofacial Surgery.2 The preliminary diagnosis was confirmed by anamnesis, CBCT data (Fig 1), vitality of the involved teeth, and asymptomatic course.2

 

Firstly, a biopsy was performed in the area of anterior bony chamber of the cystic lesion and a 1.0 ml of serous fluid was obtained after trepanation of buccal cortical plate. Specimen was received by curettage of the bone walls of the intraosseous cavity. Histology showed blood clots in the huge areas of fibrous tissue and collagen.2 A 5-month follow-up CBCT demonstrated complete fulfillment of the anterior chamber by a new bone tissue (Fig 2).

 

Second surgery included curettage of the posterior chamber of the cyst (where a small sponge bone particles were obtained) (Fig 3) and bone grafting with xenograft (BIO-GEN® MIX [cancellous-cortical] Bioteck S.p.A., Vicenza, Italy). Histopathological examination revealed the appearance similar to the appearance presented in the study of Xanthinaki et al (reported a 25-year-old white female with a SBC of the ramus),18 and showed the parts of vascular connective tissue and bone spicules (Fig 4).

 

DISCUSSION

SBCs is a rare clinical entity reaching only 1.05 percent among all jaw cysts.19 Multilocular type of SBCs is even more rare and counts from 6.38 to 26.92 percent of total number of SBCs.20,21

 

Already published multichamber variants of SBCs showed that the single-chamber bone cyst term cannot be applied to all SBCs as the published data and our case are proving the existence of two types of SBCs – uni- and multilocular.

 

You et al in 2017 analyzed 30 idiopathic bone cavities (ie, SBCs); and their study revealed next distribution of 30 idiopathic bone cavities in 27 patients:13 in 13 cases the cysts localized in the right posterior mandible, in 11 cases – in the left posterior mandible, in 5 cases – in symphyseal area, and only in one case the cyst was found at the left lateral maxilla.13 Thus, our case proves the majority cases data of You et al, in which SBCs were localized in the right posterior mandible.

 

Pseudocystic histological features of the SBCs have been proved by numerous publications. Discussion of twenty-two cases and treated by curettage in the study of Demirbas et al had shown next histopathological findings: loose connective tissue (n = 3 [13.6 percent]), empty (n = 16 [61.5 percent]), fluid content (n = 4 [18.1 percent]), and osseous-like tissue (n = 3 [13.6 percent]).19

FIGURE 1A. Axial (A) and coronal (B) CBCT scans of a 41-year-old white female with a multilocular SBC of the right mandible. The bone septa (arrowhead) divides the pseudocyst into anterior (arrow) and posterior (curved arrow) camera (ie, chamber). Printed with permission and copyrights retained by O.A.N.

FIGURE 1B. Axial (A) and coronal (B) CBCT scans of a 41-year-old white female with a multilocular SBC of the right mandible. The bone septa (arrowhead) divides the pseudocyst into anterior (arrow) and posterior (curved arrow) camera (ie, chamber). Printed with permission and copyrights retained by O.A.N.

FIGURE 2A. A, a pre-biopsy coronal CBCT scan showed anterior chamber of mandibular SBC (arrow). B, a 5-month follow-up coronal CBCT scan demonstrates fulfillment of the anterior chamber by a new bone tissue (waved arrow). Printed with permission and copyrights retained by O.A.N.

FIGURE 2B. A, a pre-biopsy coronal CBCT scan showed anterior chamber of mandibular SBC (arrow). B, a 5-month follow-up coronal CBCT scan demonstrates fulfillment of the anterior chamber by a new bone tissue (waved arrow). Printed with permission and copyrights retained by O.A.N.

FIGURE 3. Specimen (small sponge bone particles) received by curettage of the intraosseous cavity. Printed with permission and copyrights retained by O.A.N.

FIGURE 4. A 41-year-old white female with a multilocular type of SBC of the right mandible. Histological appearance, similar to the appearance presented in the study of Xanthinaki et al (reported a 25-year-old white female with a SBC of the ramus),18 showed the parts of vascular connective tissue (arrow) and bone spicules (arrowhead) (hematoxylin and eosin stain, original magnification × 10). Printed with permission and copyrights retained by V.I.Z. and P.P.S.

 

Bimaxillary SBC case (two – intramandibular cysts and one – intramaxillary cyst) of Saldaña et al macroscopically revealed samples of liquid content, bone tissue and cavity membranes, and microscopically – fibro-cellular wall with highly vascularized areas, multi-nucleated giant cells mainly in areas of hemorrhage.14

 

Xanthinaki et al inside the cavity of the intramandibular SBC have found only extremely thin layer of connecting tissue and only in some places.18

 

SBC in the paper of Velasco et al which showed the cystic evolution (growth after first surgery) contained mild haematogenous liquid and histologically presented vital lamellar bone tissue and recent hemorrhage areas.22

 

Despite the report of Matsuda et al presents the floating inferior alveolar neurovascular bundle in a large SBC involved mandibular body, in our case the bundle was just displaced inferiorly.23

 

The article by Chell et al should be a warning to physicians who have cases of SBCs because the mandibles weakened by such asymptomatic cysts may become more prone to fractures.24

 

Treatment options for SBCs are perfectly described in a recent orthopedic and oral-maxillofacial surgery works.2,20 Three management strategies for jaws` SBCs became the most popular: 1) bone perforation and stimulation of blood clot formation, 2) curettage of the cavity and flap repositioning and suture, 3) decompression and warm saline solution irrigation.2

 

In our case we combined two surgical techniques in two separated chambers of the SBC. Both techniques showed efficacy in fulfillment of the cystic cavities and can be recommended for the usage in similar cases giving preference to the surgical exploration and gentle curettage.13

 

CONCLUSION

The simple bone cyst as an asymptomatic intraosseous pseudocystic entity is proved to be effectively managed applying different strategies, giving minimally invasive techniques a clear priority. Histopathological findings of the simple bone cysts` specimens are well-documented and leave no space for possible malignization of such types of cyst due to the absence of true cystic lining.

 

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTION

Conceptualization: Nozhenko OA.

 

Data and interpretation acquisition: Nozhenko OA, Snisarevskyi PP, Zaritska VI.

 

Drafting of the manuscript: Nozhenko OA.

 

Critical revision of the manuscript: Snisarevskyi PP, Nozhenko OA, Zaritska VI.

 

Approval of the final version of the manuscript: all authors.

 

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